A comprehensive review of bioactive glass: synthesis, ion substitution, application, challenges, and future perspectives

Bioactive glass (BG) and glass-ceramics (GC) have been employed for bone treatment tissue engineering applications. glasses/bioglasses can be considered promising materials bone-regenerative scaffolds fabrication, owing to the adaptable properties that make them appropriately designed regarding their composition. The essential of bioactive glasses, enabling applied in tissue, explained as potential augment differentiation osteoprogenitor cells mesenchymal stem cells, enzyme activity, osteoblast adhesion, revascularization. Much research is conducted development phosphate borate/borosilicate BGs, silicate. Accordingly, some metal-based glasses also surveyed uses, technologically biomedically. Many rare elements incorporated network achieve properties, possessing a positive influence on associated angiogenesis and/or remodeling bone. This review motivates providing an overview toward glasses’ general requirements, composition, production, impact ion substitution glass. Attention has given developments applications grafting, regeneration, drug delivery, dental implant coatings, antibacterial agents, soft well challenges future perspectives.